The Physics Of The Earth s Seasons - 1530 Words

Introduction: The average person believes that seasons are a result of the sun s rotation around the Earth, but there is much more involved than what people assume. The Earth s seasons are affected by many different factors such as the influence of different hemispheres, rotation of the sun, and greenhouse gases. They will also continue to change over time. The climate has a huge effect on the seasons and the population. The Earth s seasons end up having a ripple effect on people, plants, animals, and agriculture that helps feed the world. Climate effects people on a regular basis in a way they do not realize. Major Consequences: Many Centuries ago, the Babylonians used the seasons as a means for survival. They created a calendar using astronomy. This was extremely helpful in ancient times as they were able to prepare in advance when to plat and harvest different kinds of crops. The Babylonians used astronomy not only as a key to survive but it was also an act of worshipping their Gods. However, they were not aware that the Earth revolved around the sun until the Renaissance (Crowley, 2002). Some of the first geologists developed a time scale, and they learned that over time the climate slowly began to change. Geologists were able to learn this through the study of fossils and other kinds of animal life. The first person to realize the climate change was in the 18th century by Charles Lyell. Charles believed that the climate change was due to the distribution ofShow MoreRelatedThe Arctic Of The Antarctic Circle1716 Words   |  7 Pagesa year Ecologically speaking, a season is a period of the year in which only certain types of floral and animal events happen (e.g.: flowers bloom—spring; hedgehogs hibernate—winter). So, if we can observe a change in daily floral/animal events, the season is changing. In this sense, ecological seasons are defined in absolute terms, unlike calendar-based methods in which the seasons are relative. If specific conditions associated with a particular ecological season don t normally occur in a particularRead MoreThe Physics Of The Universe Beyond Earth1023 Words   |  5 Pagesare the type of scientists who study the physics of the universe beyond Earth. Galileo Galilei is a famous astronomer and is often known as â€Å"the father of modern astronomy.† He created the first telescope with 30x magnification. Nicolaus Copernicus was a famous Polish astronomer who established the concept that the Sun, rather than the Earth, is the center of the solar system and is Earthâ€⠄¢s main source of light. His discovery lead to the concept that the Earth and other planets rotate around the SunRead MoreHow Man Can Invent Life Changing Inventions Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction This is one of the biggest questions in physics and everyday life. How did the universe begin? How did everything that we see, smell, feel, or hear come into existence? If there are answers to these questions then more questions arise such as: When did it begin? Where did it begin? Why did it begin? Every person that walked the Earth and lived their small, miniscule lives have looked to the oceans, skies, stars, and planets, and wondered what their purpose and plan was in the grandRead MoreDoes Global Warming Have An Effect Hurricane?1591 Words   |  7 PagesWarming? Global warming is an increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Every time we drive a car with bad fuel economy or even drive to the corner store to buy some milk that is a block away is putting unneeded pollutants into the air. It seems that each passing year the Ea rth is getting warmer with no end in sight. The warmest years on record haveRead MoreWhy Demographic Trends Spell Trouble For China And Russia1299 Words   |  6 Pages Qualitative Method Qualitative techniques use the opinions and judgments of experts to derive forecasts. One qualitative technique that is widely used today is the Delphi Method. The Delphi Method was developed at the RAND Corporation in 1950’s to forecast the impact of technology on warfare (Delphi Method, 1994). How the Delphi methods works is a group of experts anonymously go through various rounds of questions. After each round, the questions are compiled and a new group of questionsRead MoreReligion And The Ancient Egypt Empire1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ancient Egypt Empire held a very fascinating, distinctive culture. Being one of the world s most advanced cultures and creating tons of wealth is what separated them from everybody else. Between the outstanding artwork, teaching methods, and amazing pyramids is what helped this society advance together. No other civilization of the ancient world history has such a popular appeal and none as important as human society and its organiz ation. Fortunately, these Egyptians have made great steps inRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Empire1268 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Egypt helped shape the world today? Ancient Egyptians were a group of folks who were heavily influenced by religion. They feared dying anywhere but Egypt. The Egyptian Empire held a fascinating and very distinctive culture. Being one of the world s most advanced cultures and creating tons of wealth is what separated them from everybody else. Between the outstanding artwork, teaching methods, and amazing pyramids is what helped their society advance altogether. No other civilization of the ancientRead MoreApplication And Values Of The Non Living Entities1350 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical Science involves the study of nonliving matter. Learning about physical science is important, because the five classes of physical science (Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Meteorology, and Geology) all touch some area of our lives on a daily basis. This assig nment asked that I choose three chapters that I have read from our textbook (An Introduction to Physical Science - 12th Edition) and explain the applications and values of the non-living entities in the three chapters that benefit dailyRead MoreAn Article On The Point Of Flashpoint1426 Words   |  6 Pagesin the topic, unfortunately Logan was already writing about Christianity and Buddhism. So once again I was left without a topic and nowhere to begin looking for one. So while I was â€Å"researching for topics† I stumbled upon an article about the new season of the flash on Netflix, and then it hit me! A topic that interests me that no one in my class would be crazy enough to write about. Plus I could spend my class time researching a show I loved. What I Know The Flash is a fictional superhero createdRead MorePhysics in Daily Life13985 Words   |  56 PagesSEC Syllabus (2012): Physics SEC SYLLABUS (2012) PHYSICS SEC 24 SYLLABUS 1 SEC Syllabus (2012): Physics Physics SEC 24 Syllabus Introduction Available in September (Paper I and Paper IIB only) Paper 1 (2 hrs) + Paper 2 (2 hrs) + laboratory reports Course Objectives As a result of following a course in Physics, candidates should acquire: Knowledge and understanding recall facts and ideas; show an understanding of facts, terminology, principles and concepts; use units correctly; demonstrate

Causes of Poverty and Vagrancy - 951 Words

The most significant cause of poverty and vagrancy in this period was the economic depression. Discuss. INTRO: An economic depression entails a larger period of time of usually more than ten years. Therefore it is unreasonable to declare this as the most significant cause of poverty and vagrancy as generally, aside from the mid-tudor crisis years, the economy fluctuated and so it can be said it was more economic downturns which caused poverty and vagrancy than an economic depression. Other factors causing poverty and vagrancytrend throughout the time period such as population increase, inflation and relgious change. The economic depression occured in the midtudor crisis years form 1547-1558 and it comprised of many issues which combined†¦show more content†¦The great debasement of coinage in the 1540s meant that silver in coins was reduced by as much as 2 thirds. Spanish silver influx due to the mairrage of Phillip and Mary. Inflation rates and enclosures were seen as important causes which is why Elizabeth brought in the poor law of 1572 whereby a compulsory poor tax was introduced. †¢ Rackrenting - increased rent rates on threat of eviction landlords used this technique in the mid tudor crisis years in particular. there was a lack in hospitality from landlords and people in general - they left it to the parishes to deal with. a lack of cymmorth prevailed in wales. †¢ Religion was also a cause of poverty and vagrancy. The dissolution of the monasteries meant that paupers who previously seeked refuge in monasteries could no longer do so and many were pushed into begging. prior to the dissolution 6,4% of Norwich cathedrals income went toward the paupers. Monks became vagrants however some had pensions though these changed with inflation so many had to beg. Nuns on the otherhand were far worse off as they were not allowed to marry and possessed no practical skill - in Edward reign they took advantage of the right to marry but still difficult. Protestants are less giving than catholics as they dont believe it is necessary to get to heaven. therefore when religion changed throughout the period so did the amount of charitable provisions available until the introduction of the poor law inShow MoreRelatedHomelessness: A Community Problem1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of homelessness is not an effortlessly characterized term. While the normal individual comprehends the essential thought of vagrancy, analysts in the sociological field have connected conflicting definitions to the idea of homelessness, justifiably so as the thought includes a measurement more exhaustive than a peculiar meaning of a single person without living arrangement. Homelessness embodies a continuum running from the nonappearance of a changeless safe house to poor living coursesRead MoreThe Divide : American Injustice1247 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Injustice in the Age of the Wealthy Gap†. Meanwhile, poor Americans, specifically people of color, face punishment far beyond crime allegedly committed. In the following paragraphs, we will explore the root causes behind systematic forces that oppress and criminalize poverty, but also perpetuate white collar crimes among the wealthy. American society has developed systematic forces to oppress and criminalize individuals who come from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Much of police policyRead MoreThe Society Of England During The 19th Century1696 Words   |  7 Pagesoff the land and into cities, where they suffered in poverty. Many people thus often did not have enough to eat, which was heavily contrasted by the lavish lifestyles of those of status. Due to the general poverty and joblessness, crime was rampant, especially thievery (for which the punishment was often death). In response to these problems, Thomas More in 1516 wrote the treatise Utopia. In Utopia, More writes to address the issues of vagrancy, religious unrest, and societal disharmony in EnglishRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Down And Out Essay2254 Words   |  10 Pages Ever since the 20th century, poverty exists in various of well developed countries, many individuals live under no shelter and suffer starvation. Although having a job can support their basics of living, working many hours also affect their health both mentally and physically. George Orwell, the author of the novel, Down and Out in Paris and London, describes how homelessness and poor working conditions can affect an individual by starving for a long period of time, having no shelter, and workingRead MoreCurrent Factors Affecting The Rights Of Homeless People Essay782 Words   |  4 Pagesjustice system. This literature suggests that the over-reliance on emergency services to address homelessness ... when there is an insufficient investment in prevention and affordable housing... is irresponsible (O Grady et al., 2011, p. 6). Poverty is not adequately addressed by this social welfare policy, and the public places responsibility on police and the courts instead of the governement and their own communities. Current Factors Influencing the Safe Streets Act O Grady et al., (2013)Read MoreFood And Social Justice By Martha C. Nussbaum Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesLos Angeles from 2013 (39, 461)† (â€Å"2015 Results Los Angeles Continuum of Care†). Homeless people often viewed as nameless, faceless, and voiceless who are loitering on the street. It is easy to turn a blind eye to the problems which causes them to be homeless. The causes of homelessness are, in fact, complex and often caused by tragic life occurrences. Homelessness is often resulted from economic and social factors that impact on a personal level. No one chooses to be homeless, but the tragic lifeRead MoreHomelessness Is The Most Vital Social Problem1668 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems that are prevalent across America, homelessness is the one that should be grabbing the nation’s attention. As of April 20th of 2015, according to the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, 1,750,000 individuals in the United States were reported as being homeless (Homelessness/Poverty). Homelessness in America is a major problem, which needs to be addressed in a much more effective manner than it currently is. It should be at the forefront of every citizen’s mind. This is not simplyRead MoreChildren in Conflict to the Law12401 Words   |  50 Pagesemotional disturbances in the family or associated to mentally ill tendencies. Cited in Franciso Zulueta, Dolores Liwag â€Å"Social problems and Issues in the Philippines. According to the researches there are many children who lived in conditions of poverty that undermine the functioning of protective social networks around them. In addition, there are also various factors that push children to commit acts that are in conflict with the law. Major factors are breakdown of families, inadequate parentalRead MoreExplain How the Social and Economic Changes Affected Gaucho Life690 Words   |  3 Pagesrestructuring. One must understand that history about the gauchos can potentially be biased. This is due to the fact that only news that is interesting is reported and only bad news is interesting. This clash of recorded history and actual history causes us to question what actually occurred during this time period. The gauchos lifestyle suffered greatly because of these social and economic changes. New institutions, values and beliefs all aided the transformation and elimination of the gauchoRead MoreOutline Malthus’s Theory of Population and Access His Contribution to the Reform of the Poor Laws in 1834.1580 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessary for England to import food due to its rising population. Until around 1790 the country had been self-sufficient in its food supply but as this changed there became a notable increase in food prices. The second factor was the increasing poverty of the lower income class. England was becoming more and more urbanized as factory production replaced home-made production and with this the lower income class’s suffering worsened. The third factor was an argument that developed between Malthus

Meet the Florida Office of Drug Control Free Essays

Have you ever pondered on the question, â€Å"who is responsible for monitoring drug trends in Florida? † The Florida office of Drug Control was established to address the current issue of drug abuse in the state. The major goal was to ‘protect our youth from substance abuse. ’ The collaboration of this institution with the Department of Law Enforcement, Department of Education, Department of Children and Families, Prevention Coalitions, and Treatment Providers has enabled a prevention strategy to be successfully developed. We will write a custom essay sample on Meet the Florida Office of Drug Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now The latest trends in this field have been used. The three strategic approaches which should be used are Prevention, Treatment and Law Enforcement. There is nothing better than preventing youth from the troubles of substance abuse. With the help of key stake holders, a strategic approach has been used to prevent youth from trying illegal substances. There are six key elements in the prevention of substance abuse: individuals, family, friends, school, community and the society. The second approach used is treatment. There are many individuals who are already addicted. Fortunately, there are ways to get addicts out of their bad habits. Many treatments have been proven to be very effective to help overcome this difficult way of life. Partnership with treatment centers has increased treatment availability for those who need it. The Office of Drug Control’s main priority is to decrease the supply and demand for illegal substances in Florida State. With the help of Law enforcement department the drug issue is easily addressed. The Office of Drug Control has been involved in some initiatives, which include Florida Gang Reduction Strategy, and Methamphetamine. The Florida Gang Reduction Strategy is a program to discourage our youth from joining criminal gangs. These gangs not only introduce teenagers to the world of drugs but also encourage them to get involved in criminal acts. Gang members put themselves in life threatening situations. They also create misery for ordinary citizens. By implementing the prevention program, Florida’s youth will be able to reject all gang activities. They will not be motivated to join after being approached by cult leaders. This strategy also attempts to stop the decreasing number of gangs by giving them an option to leave the gang and change themselves in an effective rehabilitation process. The Office of Drug Control has taken positive steps to improve the quality of living for Florida’s youth. In collaboration with the key government departments and members of the society, they have been able to point out the areas that need to be targeted, to make Florida a drug free state. Stay informed about the newest drug trends this office has been able to pin point. Get information on prescription drugs and much more. For more information about the Office of Drug Control visit www. flgov. com/drugcontrol/. How to cite Meet the Florida Office of Drug Control, Papers

The Ice Flows By EJ Pratt Essay free essay sample

The Ice Flows By E.J. Pratt Essay, Research Paper The verse form Ice Floes was written by E. J. Pratt and published in 1923. This writer attempts to convey a construct of interconnection between many parts of life. Throughout this poem the writer used poetic devices to convey this construct into the reader s consciousness. These devices allow the reader, who antecedently may hold been nescient to the poet s point of view, to go enlightened as to his train of idea. These poetic devices include metaphor, simile and personification. Other devices are used in the verse form, nevertheless, these illustrations are really outstanding and have a big impact on the verse form and he readers apprehension of it. Any reader would appreciate this peculiar verse form because of the writer s ability to arouse understanding for the seal huntsmans at the same clip as demoing that what they were making was an unwanted coarse of action. That is, in this narrative verse form, E.J. Pratt makes the reader expression through the eyes of both the adult male and animate being. He shows the work forces in the same place as the seals were. The seal s destinies were at the custodies of the work forces, whereas the work forces s destinies were at the clemency of the caprices of the ocean. The writer does this by doing good usage of poetic devices such as personification in the line: The Eagle in wild chase of her work forces. This usage of personification helps to develop the verse form and prosecute the reader. Sing the work forces s boat as a living thing helps the reader to understand its importance to the crewmans. It is non merely a boat to the work forces, it is their agencies of endurance. The Eagle near, though in that blast The female parent was to the full every bit blind as her brood. This line compares the dependance of the crewmans on their boat to the dependance of the whelps to their female parent. This compar ing is particularly model when sing the underlying significance of this poem.The usage of similes can besides be seen in the verse form. One particularly good simile is seen in the line: Each other ; like sheep we huddled and broke. Again, Pratt demonstrates to the reader that the work forces are likewise to animate beings. Alternatively of the seals, now they are sheep. This shows the continuity that exists between the crewmans and animate beings and the ocean. In other words, all things are connected to each other. Throughout the verse form Ice Floes, you find a broad scope of poetic devices. These devices add life and deepness to this capturing verse form. They serve to affect the reader and to do them more to the full understand the writer s ideas. The success of this verse form is in big portion due to the many varying devices. The fact that the writer personifies the boat serves to familiarise the reader with constructs that may antecedently be foreign. Overall, this verse for m is effectual in conveying the writer s views an vitamin D is good deserving reading. The verse form Ice Floes was written by E. J. Pratt and published in 1923. This writer attempts to convey a construct of interconnection between many parts of life. Throughout this poem the writer used poetic devices to convey this construct into the reader s consciousness. These devices allow the reader, who antecedently may hold been nescient to the poet s point of view, to go enlightened as to his train of idea. These poetic devices include metaphor, simile and personification. Other devices are used in the verse form, nevertheless, these illustrations are really outstanding and have a big impact on the verse form and he readers apprehension of it. Any reader would appreciate this peculiar verse form because of the writer s ability to arouse understanding for the seal huntsmans at the same clip as demoing that what they were making was an unwanted coarse of action. That is, in this narrative verse form, E.J. Pratt makes the reader expression through the eyes of both the adult male and animate being. He shows the work forces in the same place as the seals were. The seal s destinies were at the custodies of the work forces, whereas the work forces s destinies were at the clemency of the caprices of the ocean. The writer does this by doing good usage of poetic devices such as personification in the line: The Eagle in wild chase of her work forces. This usage of personification helps to develop the verse form and prosecute the reader. Sing the work forces s boat as a living thing helps the reader to understand its importance to the crewmans. It is non merely a boat to the work forces, it is their agencies of endurance. The Eagle near, though in that blast The female parent was to the full every bit blind as her brood. This line compares the dependance of the crewmans on their boat to the dependance of the whelps to their female parent. This comparing is particularly model when sing the underlying significance of this poem.The usage of similes can besides be seen in the verse form. One particularly good simile is seen in the line: Each other ; like sheep we huddled and broke. Again, Pratt demonstrates to the reader that the work forces are likewise to animate beings. Alternatively of the seals, now they are sheep. This shows the continuity that exists between the crewmans and animate beings and the ocean. In other words, all things are connected to each other. Throughout the verse form Ice Floes, you find a broad scope of poetic devices. These devices add life and deepness to this capturing verse form. They serve to affect the reader and to do them more to the full understand the writer s ideas. The success of this verse form is in big portion due to the many varying devices. The fact that the writer personifies the boat serves to familiarise the reader with constructs that may antecedently be foreign. Overall, this verse form is effectual in conveying the writer s positions and is good deserving reading.

The Street Lawyer Essays - The Street Lawyer, Mordecai, Homelessness

The Street Lawyer Plot outline The main character in this book is Michael Brock, a lawyer working for Drake & Sweeney. One day a homeless man comes into the firm and holds Michael and other lawyers hostage. Michael and the lawyers manage to get out of the situation but the homeless man gets killed. Michael finds out later that the homeless man had been evicted from a wherehouse where he was paying rent and Drake & Sweeney was responsible for the eviction. Michael asked a lawyer, at his firm, if he could see the file about the eviction but the lawyer refused. Michael started helping Mordecai Green, a lawyer for the homeless, and soon Michael left Drake & Sweeny and became a laywer for the homeless, a street laywer. But just before he officially left his firm, he stole the eviction file that he wanted to see. As Micheal copied the file, he began to find out more about the eviction and realized it was illegal and his ex-firm, Drake & Sweeney, were responsible for wrongful deaths of some homeless people, who had died after being evicted. When the firm found out about the missing file, Michael was wanted for Grand Larceny and they were pressing criminal charges. Micheal filed a suit against his ex-firm, with the help, of Mordecai Green, and they were representing the evictees. The partners of Drake & Sweeney, knowing that they were wrong, met with Mordecai Green to settle on an agreement without a jury. They were offering Mordecai and Michael $770,000 and two-year suspension for Michael for stealing the file. Mordecai made an offer of $5 million and a one-year suspension for Michael. If Drake & Sweeney agreed everything would be over without the public hearing about it but if they disagreed, Mordecai would bring in a jury and was confident of winning and humiliating Drake & Sweeney. Book Reports

Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay Example

Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay Example Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay with a construct that individuals are born with chance of being self-constructive every bit good as irrational ( Self destructive ) . They possess self saving inherent aptitudes. He concludes by saying that our challenges are entirely caused by our deformed ideas.[ 4 ]Gerald Corey in his book observed that the Cognitive Behaviour attack frequently play down on emotions without the geographic expedition of cardinal struggles. It neglects the importance of the Client s personal history. It concludes by stating that the R.E.B.T being a confrontational therapy could take to headlong surcease, while the C.B.T might be excessively officially prearranged for some Clients. However, all through the old ages this attack, by manner of uninterrupted rating has attained a high grade of answerability which makes room for ego directed plans for behavioral alteration.[ 5 ] Humanist Approach On the other manus, the Humanistic attack ( or individual centred ) reding frequently called the third force which was explained in Kavita Singh s book Counselling accomplishments for directors , has its subject based on assisting relationships whereby all human interactions is aimed to the realisation of Psychological growing or Maturity. This attack was propounded by Carl Rogers. It is based on a hypothesis that one s position of oneself within the context of environment influences one s actions and personal satisfactions .[ 6 ] Another popular theoretical account in Humanistic Approach to Counselling is the Abraham Maslow s hierarchy of demands which harmonizing to CSCT Counselling brochure says that the Hierarchy of demands which relates to inspiration by two factors, viz. guaranting continued being by fulfillment of basic bodily and mental demands and secondly the demand for self realization or realisation of a individual s full potency. These assorted demands, is projected from the base of a trigon to the vertex from Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Recognition needs and in conclusion self realization demands.[ 7 ]Albert Ellis the Founder of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy ( R.E.B.T ) has pinpointed a defect in the humanistic attack to reding saying that it is frequently excessively soft and fails to get by with the truth that individuals can practically self-destruct through absurd and littered thought.[ 8 ]However, Harmonizing to William Stewart s book its strength is based on the fact that it f acilitates discourse with Multicultural groups amongst assorted cultural population. It besides compliments Client s ideal, non-judgemental attitude, freedom on what Clients want to be explored in Sessionss.[ 9 ] Psychodynamic Approach Psychodynamic attack to reding harmonizing to Windy Dryden and Jill Milton s book is based on Psychoanalytical theories such as the theoretical account and pattern of Sigmund Freud where the Centre of attending is on the rule that a great portion of our mental operation is unconscious. The unconscious portion of our memories contains ideas and feelings which we have subdued in order to besiege hurting and struggle they might do. It farther provinces that despite the points of idea being out of head they do have serious impact on behaviors, ideas and feelings.[ 10 ] Similarly, another Psychodynamic attack is the Attachment and Loss theoretical account by John Bowlby, which harmonizing to William Stewart s book focuses on heartache as an look of separation anxiousness and intense desire to recapture the doomed relationship . He gave illustrations of such loss to run from beloved 1s, material objects, a portion of the individual eg a limb, an event such as divorce, etc.[ 11 ]While this attack finds its strength in being applicable to groups and persons, harmonizing to Gerald Corey its restriction is that the healers require extended preparation period while costs to the clients are rather expensive. The Psychoanalytical attack to reding takes attention of Biological and instinctual facets at the disregard of societal, cultural and interpersonal issues . It is constantly non applicable to typical day-to-day life issues and non suited for cultural and cultural groups. It has besides being realized that a great figure of clients lack the self-est eem energy required for good rehabilitation.[ 12 ] Background of Christian Counselling Harmonizing to Newman s book there are no common attacks to Christian Counselling, he made mention to Charles Kollar who researched that bulk of Pastor really adopt cognitive behavioral attack to therapy. In position of the deficiency of uniformity in practise some Curates do wholly fling the term Christian Counselling for Biblical Counselling which is specific and welcoming. However, it was historically observed that Reding in Christendom was called Pastoral attention which to mentions from the books of Gregory the Great, Martin Luther, John Wesley, etc. They so concentrated on supplications, confessions, forgiveness and general application of Biblical rules to day-to-day Living. This continued until the clip of Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis and the humanistic attacks produced pastoral Counselling which finally created struggles particularly with the obvious opposition in accommodating the Bible rules with secular attacks.[ 13 ] Emerging Counselling Models Consequently, Eric L Johnson and Stanton L Jones in the book Psychology and Christianity gave inside informations of the debut of Nouthetic reding whic was brought approximately by Jay Adams after vehemently opposing the secular guidance attacks as being counter to Christianity. Adams propounded ( from Nouthetic reding ) that Christian Counselling should be of Biblical footing with Sin being Centre of attending, since it is responsible for most psychological challenges. He so detailed the construct in his book Competent to advocate .[ 14 ]Other Models harmonizing to Newman are Discipleship Counselling by Gary Collins and Effective Biblical Counselling by Lawrence Crabb.[ 15 ] Integration Debates of Ssecular and Christian Counselling. Harmonizing to John W Hibler s diary, the argument possessed two sides viz. : those who believe that the Bible is equal and farther public-service corporation of modern Psychology and psychotherapy simply pollutes the Bible truth, therefore no accomplishable integrating and on the other manus are integrationist with the statement that general Revelation is a justifiable beginning of truth hence prefer a cautious usage of Modern Theory and methods controlled by scriptural divinity and Christian Worldview. Hibler farther stated that the integrationist based their statement upon the tenet of general disclosure or New Testament citations which indicated the adequateness of Christ and the religious gift of the church. Hibler nevertheless based his composing on the undermined position point of the Old Testament wisdom literature viz. the book of Proverbs which implies that the manner of wisdom pave the manner to honesty and guiltless Character, a life lived in the fright of the Lord. ( Prov. 1:1-7, 2: 1-22, 8: 1-21 ) . With wisdom and righteousness being on the same tract, a wise adult male and righteous adult male are indistinguishable. ( Prov. 8:20 ; 9:9 ) .[ 16 ] Similarly, Siang-Yang Tan in his book identifies the statement that supports the use of specific or curative methods used in reding and therapy, but should be in harmoniousness with the Bible. This attack was exemplified by McMinn and Campbell ( 2007 ) who used integrative psychotherapeutics, which entails behavioral, cognitive and interpersonal theoretical accounts which are within the Christian Theological frame work.[ 17 ] Furthermore, harmonizing to Jef De Vriese s Journal, He observed that the job relief factors of both secular and Christian guidance are common hence one could ab initio presume that they are collaborated. However, on farther examining secular reding maps from Human resources therefore humanistic. Contrastingly, Christian guidance is directed towards God. Most outstanding point is that Self geographic expedition in Christian guidance has an external point of attending which is God and his Word. They restrict the flight of emotions but route them through reshaping of ideas behind them. Vriese pointed out assorted points from Christian reding argument point of positions as follows ; that Non-specific healing factor from secular reding are across-the-board in the bible hence a priceless theoretical account based on the Bibles can be developed. Any Counselling Model that does non hold God at its focal point is Unacceptable The undermentioned books of the Bible are in harmony with this fact ; Romans 14:23, 1st Cor. 10:31 which does non hold religion and God s program for this universe. Rom 7: 5 he who is non with me is against me and he who does non garner with me spreads The lone manner Christian guidance can utilize secular methods is by reshaping so from Biblical point. Penetrations from secular guidance can function as a agency to convey out methods already in the Bible such as method of believing as in Cognitive restructuring. The purification and reformation theoretical accounts supports the demand to really reform or sublimate elements from the secular guidance to be biblically acceptable before they can be utilized. The bible as a Handbook truly provides all that is needed to populate a fulfilled life but the How to use the content in complex state of affairs remains unsolved in Christain guidance.[ 18 ] Vriese nevertheless concludes with the Challenge that researches could so be developed in support of integrating but with the position to guarantee public-service corporation of all secular attacks to reding that does non oppose Biblical truths. Summarily, after sing assorted sides of the argument, I agree with the statement of Micninn and Campbell which demonstrated that utile infusions can be made from secular reding to the extent to which they do non hold any contradiction with Biblical positions. This position was besides in understanding with Vriese assorted points, as the purification reformation theoretical accounts, and the theoretical account amongst others that takes portion of secular reding applicable to Christian guidance by manner of cognitive restricting.

Practitioner Skills for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Practitioner Skills for Managers - Essay Example That is why the professionals do command a high acceptance and a premium price in the job markets around the world. There exists a big demand for managers who evince professionalism in their daily work routine. This demand gap in fact speaks a lot about the relevance of professionalism at the work place. Professional managers tend to carry an aura and charisma in their personalities that reflects the attitude and the ability to deliver positive results amidst all the incumbent resource crunches and constraints. It is this attitude to deliver results amidst all odds that facilitates the professional managers with decisive cutting edge proficiency. The mere presence of professional managers within an organization imbues it with the ability to deliver positive results and a decisive growth. Most of the successful organizations owe their success to the hard work of professional managers who make a distinctive attitudinal and practical difference at the work place. To a great extent profe ssionalism is all about numbers. In fact numbers play a major role in the success of any organization. Professionals do command the ability not only to make the numbers work for themselves, but also for the organization they serve. Numbers do aid the task of quantification of resources and effort that go into an organization and professionals do always know how to make the numbers work. To a great extent numbers have to do with data and information. Simply speaking data is a collection of facts that may include within its ambit, values or observations. Data may come as numbers, description of things, observations, measurements, words etc. There are two kinds of data that are qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data mostly comprises of some descriptive information that is it tends to define something. Quantitative data comprises of numerical information and it tends to quantify things. It goes without saying that a progressive and innovative approach towards data coll ection and processing could go a long way in imbuing the organizations with an unprecedented efficiency and success (Williams 2002). An optimal hold over organizational data helps the organizations to configure efficiency and growth plans that are in tandem with their business goals (Williams 2002). Many a times it happens that the resources lying at the disposal of organizations do not happen to be in consonance with their growth objectives. Herein, a data centered approach towards things helps the organizations to customize their growth plans in accordance with the resources and inputs that they have at their disposal (Williams 2002). A data centered approach towards things also enables the organizations to optimize the resources and assets that they have to usher in growth, efficiency and proficiency (Williams 2002). In the current globalized scenario, the consumer preferences and aspirations happen to fluctuate at a fast pace. A data centered approach towards changing market and economic scenarios helps organizations inculcate a built in flexibility within their frameworks and strategies to respond quickly to the altering business needs (Williams 2002). Data also helps the organizations to exploit the available automation tools and technologies to enhance availability and service levels. Herein, one also cannot ignore the relevance of information. Simply speaking information is a stimulus that carries a meaning within a specific context for its receiver, which may be an individual or an organization. Information constitutes the foundation of contemporary business processes and planning. Information enables the organ

Different Forms of Political Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Different Forms of Political Systems - Essay Example The present research has identified that direct democracy refers to democracy where each resident in a state has an equivalent right to participate in the government’s workings. However, in a representative democracy, the citizens elect their representatives who then make the laws. In a democracy, both the leaders and the citizens have power in running the government. The leader (representative) of a state has the power of making major decisions that are cultivated by the citizens. Citizens have the power of electing a representative of their choice and airing their views, opinions, and wishes for the implementation of the constitution and other government workings. There is no person with absolute power in democracy as the leaders and the citizens have almost the same rights in power. The citizens can nullify the election if a leader is deemed unfit by filing a petition in a court of law to stop him or her from leading. Thus, representatives in a democratic political system d o not have full power over citizens. On the other hand, totalitarianism refers to a political system where the government has total authority over its citizens in a state and controls their public and private lives where possible. The ruler of a state also has absolute power over his or her citizens. He or she tends to impose full authority and administration in every aspect of the citizen’s lives. The government in such a political system controls the citizens by using propaganda, terror and technological means to track down unsuspecting citizens to abide by the demands of the government. Totalitarianism is divided into two categories: right-wing and left-wing totalitarianism. â€Å"Nazism† and â€Å"Fascism† evolved from right-wing totalitarianism whereas â€Å"Communism† evolved from left-right totalitarianism. Right-wing totalitarianism draws its support mainly from middle classes to seek the maintenance of the economic and social status quo. However, left-wing totalitarianism has developed from working-class movements to seek elimination of class distinctions. In essence, right-wing totalitarianism propagates the private ownership of industrial wealth by supporting the middle class.

Entrepreneurship and small business management Essay - 1

Entrepreneurship and small business management - Essay Example (businessdictionary.com 2013). I believe that acquiring a franchise is better than starting your own business because you benefit greatly from using the name of the franchiser to sell your products and in the end profit in a great way because of it. For example, KFC is a renowned international fast food joint. Its franchiser here gets to profit more than his competitors do simply because there is that standard that KFC has in the global world and it has kept in all franchises in the world. This standard gives an assurance to the locals or visitors that it’s the same quality of food sold there (Shepherd, 2009). Question 2 Metal supermarkets have been in business since 1985. Since then, it has grown in numbers due to its franchising family. Metal supermarkets have taken the franchises under their wings by providing support in establishing their business model and system in a suitable area. It also provides leadership as well as guidance of its system in an effort to maintain a s tanding position in terms of leadership across all franchises. Customer service is a key factor in Metal supermarkets and they ensure that, it is the key factor in all its franchise partners (Hodgetts, 2008) . They ensure this by giving them customer care training. In a bid to keep a progressive growth in its franchise business, Metal supermarkets ensures that they give grants to the most qualified candidates who meet the level that they have set for all franchises. Metal supermarket training is compulsory for new franchise and it is held in its corporate head office in Toronto. The training includes a 5-day classroom class, where they are taught about the operation of the business, the products, and how the system works. From there, they go to a 5-day in-branch training in Toronto, where they learn and build their confidence. 10-day job training is also provided when the franchisee’s Metal supermarket is opened ( Shepherd, 2009). The effort made by Metal supermarkets to its franchisee helps them in being successful. It has helped some who have not any prior knowledge of how to work with metals to be profitable in the end with some of them making more than a million a year. It also has given a good option to people who wanted to start their own metal supermarkets to join their franchise and in this way, the franchisee is assisted in starting up as well as given the necessary assistance in preventing basic mistakes, which most new business people go through . In the end, most of the franchisee makes a good amount of money unlike when they would have opened their own business because people trust the products that are sold by Metal supermarkets therefore customers trust the products being sold by the franchisee’s supermarket (Hodgetts, 2008). Question 3 Ian Parsons, a franchise owner of Metal supermarkets, West Bromwich, bought the franchise from its previous owner, who was retiring from the business. Ian parson thought of buying the franchise afte r weighing between looking for another job or buying the franchise. This is actually the main reason for him to buy the franchise. He used his savings and some cash from his property re-mortgage to buy the supermarket. The transition was smooth because he had worked in the franchise for 8 years and well conversant with the operation of the supermarket. He however had problems with accounting but the previous owner was able to assist him. He later went to Metal supermarkets’

Impacts on Market Structures

Impacts on Market Structures Market Structure La’Toni Rice Market structure, as it relates to economics has concerns. Our Market Structure is made of many different budgetary elements and variables, for example, the merchant, the purchaser, the value, item the presence of rivalry and the level thereof or the complete nonattendance. In light of the different stages and consolidations of the interrelationship of these variables, there are exactly four real sorts of market structures. There are four market types; perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Monopoly, alone hold the greatest market power. With relation to different market structures, these two are especially significant, perfect competition and monopoly. The products that form the basis of all market transactions may be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Market Structures Perfect competition subsist when numerous firms offer an indistinguishable item to numerous purchasers; there are no limitations on entrance into (or retreat from) the business; created firms have no focal point over new firms; and dealers and purchasers are decently educated about costs. A firm in immaculate rivalry is a value taker—it cannot impact the cost of its item. The business interest bend is descending slanting. At the same time, a superbly focused firm confronts a consummately versatile request so the associations interest bend is flat. Negligible income, MR, is the change in aggregate income that comes about because of a one-unit expansion in the amount sold. In impeccable rivalry, peripheral income equivalents cost. A firm expands its benefit by preparing the amount of yield at which add up to income surpasses sum require by the biggest measure. An alternate approach to discover the benefit-boosting yield is to utilize peripheral examination. A firm expands its be nefit by preparing the amount of yield at which minimal income measures up to negligible expense. In the event that a firm close down, it causes a misfortune equivalent to its aggregate settled expense. The shutdown focus is the value that equivalents the base normal variable expense. A companys supply bend is its minor expense bend above least normal variable rate. (Amacher, R., Pate, J. 2013) In Perfect Competition Price = Average Revenue = Marginal Revenue, the relationship between elasticity of demand, price and total revenue is if demand is elastic then increase in price decreases total revenue and decrease in price increases total revenue, if demand in unitary elastic then decrease or increase in price has no effect on total revenue, if demand is inelastic then increase in price leads to increase in total revenue and decrease in price leads to decrease in total revenue. (Amacher, R., Pate, J. 2013). In long run equilibrium firm earns normal profit, thus price = marginal cost = minimum average cost, resulting in total revenue = total cost. (Amacher, R., Pate, J. 2013). A prime example of Perfect Competition is something purchasing identical looking cucumbers from your local farmers market, or buying an HTC on Amazon. The market supply curve in the short run indicates the amount supplied at each one cost by a settled number of firms. Market demand and market supply focus the business cost and amount purchased and sold. Each one firm takes the cost as given and produces its benefit augmenting yield. The point when value rises to the normal sum take, a firm makes zero monetary benefit, that is, its holders win an ordinary benefit. The firm makes a monetary benefit when value surpasses normal aggregate cost and causes a budgetary misfortune when value is not exactly normal sum cost. Oligopoly is a business sector structure in which a little number of firms contend and common or legitimate restraints anticipate new ones. Firms in oligopoly would make the same financial benefit as a monopoly assuming that they can act together to limit yield to the restraining monopoly level. When we think of Oligopoly one thinks of Exxon, ATT. In spite of the fact that each one firm can make a bigger monetary benefit by expanding generation, this movement diminishes the investment benefits of alternate firms. A cartel is a gathering of firms acting together to utmost yield, raise cost, and consequently build investment benefit. The duopolists difficulty is that each one firm, taking activities to augment its benefit by expanding creation, could wind up with a more level benefit on account of the self-interest of alternate firms, taking comparable profit amplifying movements to stretch their productions. Monopoly is a market is a business sector with a solitary supplier of a good or service that has no close substitutes and in which common, proprietorship, or lawful restraints, which prevent section, avert competition. A solitary or single-price monopoly is an imposing monopoly that offers every unit of its yield for the same cost to all its clients. A value separating monopoly infrastructure is a syndication that has the capacity to offer diverse units of a goods services with many distinctive costs. A monopoly requires that barriers to entry into the market must be so high that no other firms can enter. There are four barriers high enough to keep out competing firms: A government blocks the entry of more than one firm into a market; one firm has control over a key resource necessary to produce a good; there are important network externalities in supplying the good or service; economies of scale are so large that one firm has a natural monopoly. Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which a substantial number of firms contend; each firm produces a separated item; firms contend on item quality, value, and showcasing; and firms are allowed to enter and passageway. The four-firm fixation proportion and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index that measure the degree to which a business is commanded by a little number of firms. A firm in monopolistic rivalry expands benefit by generating the yield at which peripheral income breaks even with minor expense. For example Reebok will probably always compete against Nike, just as HTC will continue to compete with Samsung, as will Sony and RCA rivalry continue. The value is controlled by the interest. Entrance and passageway bring about zero financial benefit in the long- run. Monopolistically intense firms have abundance limit in long-run balance since they process less than the proficient scale. In monopolistic competition cost surpasses negligible expense which shows wastefulness however the wastefulness emerges from item variety. To maintain economic benefit, firms in monopolistic competition develop and create new items, and acquire colossal expenses to guarantee that purchasers like the contrasts between their own particular items and those of their rivals. Offering expenses, for example, publicizing, are a settled cost and expand the aggregate expense. Yet they may lower normal aggregate expense assuming that they build the amount sold by a vast measure. When we think of Real-life example of Market structures it is practically difficult to think about just one immaculate case of an industry, or market, that shows flawless attributes. Take for example Teletech which was once located in my city, Birmingham is now located in Englewood Oregen, and is now [emailprotected] Virtual Solutions. [emailprotected] serves clients in every vertical industry and across multiple geographies. (www.teletech.com). [emailprotected] Virtual Workforce Solutions addresses the following: Full Service, Provides clients with the ability to extend their footprint into an at-home solution while allowing the TeleTech experts to fully support the model Business Continuity, the ability to utilize a set-up and standby support model with Virtual support. Hub and Spoke- Allows clients to extend their brick-and-mortar centers to address seasonality impacts, avoiding the cost of investing in additional facilities. (www.teletech.com.) Americans now use VoIP phones, with 42 million users estimated (Suzukamo). According to Infonetics research, North American VoIP service revenue was up to $1.3 billion in 2004. Sales are expected to reach $29.9 billion in 2012 (Francis). Our text describes Barriers to entry as impediments that make it troublesome, immoderate or even inconceivable for new firms to enter an industry. Case in point, licenses make it inconceivable for opponents to prepare machines or pharmaceuticals that have been created by a specific firm. Also, if a mining organization controls the main wellspring of a specific mineral, on the other hand adversaries will be unable to give that mineral along these lines contend with the organization. Also, a few firms by righteousness of their size delight in respectable expense funds, and these economies of scale can additionally be incomprehensible for newcomers to match, hence likewise making a considerable hindrance to new contestants Competitive Pressures can be better understood when using simple logic If your firm is inefficient but operating, then high barriers prevent others from being able to establish a competing business making the inefficient business more likely to continue to exist. When the option of honestly creating a product to compete many produce substitutes, for example hip and lip injection. High barriers to entry = lower competitive pressures. This ensures that new companies cant jump in and compete to their advantage. Price elasticity of demand is a term in economics often used when discussing price sensitivity. The formula for calculating price elasticity of demand is: Price Elasticity of Demand = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Price Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of interest to changes in cost for a specific great. In the event that the price elasticity of demand is equivalent to 0, interest is splendidly inelastic (i.e., demand does not change when value changes). Price values between zero and one show that request is inelastic (this happens when the percent change sought after is less than the percent change in cost). The point when elasticity of demand of interest equivalents one, interest is unit flexible (the percent change is then equivalent to the percent change in cost). At last, if the quality is more terrific than one, interest is splendidly versatile demand is influenced to a escalating degree by progressions in cost. Businesses evaluate price elasticity of demand for various products to help predict the impact of a pricing on product sales. Typically, businesses charge higher prices if demand for the product is price inelastic. Price takers must offer their items at the market cost. Since each of their value is small contrasted with aggregate business yield, value takers can offer their sum yield at the market price. Notwithstanding, they cant offer their output at a value more amazing than the business cost. In a price takers market, each firm handles indistinguishable items (homogenous products) the yield supplied by a that single firm has almost no impact available value every vender confronts a flat (or consummately versatile)demand curve. Value grabbers are organizations whose item has a descending slanting interest. The sum the organization can offer is contrarily identified with the cost charged. The firm picks the cost, however the amount sold hinges on upon the cost charged. Although Government plays a pevital role in our economy, their main role is to correct problems how ever associtated with external costs and benefits, public goods, and imperfect competition. (Amacher, R., Pate, J. 2013). The intervention taken on by Government to correct market failure is a great attempt in bringing markets closer together with very successful outcomes and thereby reducing any attached deadweight losses. Although theses attempts have been made they are not guaranteed. Governments may try to change the procurement of certain merchandise and administrations dependent upon a regularizing judgment that buyers will devour an excessive amount of or excessively little of the products. Merchandise for which such judgments are made are called legitimacy or bad mark products. Governments redistribute salary through exchange installments. Such redistribution frequently runs from individuals with higher earnings to individuals with more level salaries, however other exchange installments head off to individuals who are generally more contented. It can be said that the positive effects of International Trade (IT) on Economic Growth1 (EG) were first pointed out by Smith (1776). If you walk into your local Publx and have your choice of are able to buy Europian bananas and pineapples and a bottle of French bottle of De Luze Cognac, you are experiencing the effects of international trade. International trade permits us to extend our businesses for both merchandise and administrations that generally might not have been accessible to us. It is the motivation behind why you can pick between a American, Eurrpean, or German auto. As an after-effect of universal exchange, the business holds more excellent rivalry and in this manner more aggressive costs, which carries a less expensive item home to the purchaser. The economic system will continue to grow and flurish and Market structure, will continue to be composed of various economic dynamics and variables Government will continue to play a pevital role in our economy. We know we cannot abolish Government nor their decision, but we can continue to make ourselves knowldgable of changes that take effect in our economy. Assuming that firms have utilized an incredible arrangement of money making a productive brand, this may also cripple new firms from entering the industry as they may be unwilling to utilize the measure of money significant to match the made affiliations brand power. If firms have used a great deal of cash making a fruitful brand, this may additionally debilitate new firms from entering the industry as they may be unwilling to use the measure of cash important to match the created associations brand power. References Withagen, C. A., Florax, R. M., Mulatu, A. A. (2007). Optimal Environmental Policy Differentials in Open Economies under Emissions Constraints. Journal Of Economics (Zeitschrift Fur Nationalokonomie), 91(2), 129-149. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1007/s00712-007-0259-1

Magic Realism and Intertextual Examples of The Bible in Gabriel Garcia

Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude, is a novel often associated with magic realism. Throughout the novel, the idea of magic realism is promoted through intertext examples of The Bible. Magic realism is defined as an artistic style in which magical elements or irrational scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or "normal" setting. The many intertextual examples throughout the work are alluded from outside sources such as the Bible and the tragedians of the Greeks and Romans. These allusions not only strengthen the novel, but further correlate them with the idea of magic realism. Magic realism, as defined by Wendy Faris, contains five key elements which must be present for this component to ring true in a piece of literature. The first key element is the novel contains â€Å"†¦something we cannot explain according to the laws of the universe as we know them† (Faris 167). Throughout the novel, several examples which make this constituent true are present. For example, when Jose Arcadia Buendia’s murder occurs and his blood runs through the streets to Ursula’s home, Marquez writes, â€Å"A trickle of blood came out under the door, crossed the living room, went out into the street, continued on in a straight line across the uneven terraces, went down steps and climbed up curbs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Marquez 144). In reality, as readers, it is known that blood cannot travel long distances or climb objects. Remedios the Beauty’s accession to Heaven is another form in which a particular scene cannot be explained by particular laws as we kn ow them. Marquez writes â€Å"Amaranta felt a mysterious trembling in the lace on her petticoats and she tried to grasp the sheet so that she would not fall down at the instant in which Remedios the Beauty... ...magic realism is a common theme found throughout many fiction novels. According to Faris’ five key elements, this novel is indeed a tale of enchanting pragmatism. The novel’s intertextual examples developed by character similarities and actual events from the Bible and Greek mythology and tragedies are woven in the novel in such a way that the reader is oblivious to the fact that they truly exist. Magic realism will continue to flourish many novels to come in the coming years. Works Cited Access Bible, The. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Fitzgerald, Robert. Translator Homer. The Iliad. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 2007. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York: Harper Perennial, 1998. Zamora, Louis Parkinson and Wendy Faris. Magical Realism: Theory, History,Community. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

Definition of following terms Essay

Time value of money This refers to the principle that a dollar on hand today has more value than a dollar received sometime in the future. Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Pearson Education, Inc.. Efficient market Refers to the type of market where everyone receives the same time of information and prices are reflected based on this information. Business Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/efficient-market.html Primary versus secondary market Primary market refers to the securities a company sells for the first time for the purpose of raising money. Securities traded after initial investment are done through the secondary market. In the primary market, the issuing firm receives the money; in the secondary market if the shareholder of the firm decides to sell he receives the money. Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Pearson Education, Inc.. Risk-return tradeoff This principle is based on the risk that investors are willing to take for a promise of higher returns on investments. Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Pearson Education, Inc.. Agency (principal and agent problems) Refers to the problem companies face in motivating their managers who act as agents in pursuing the interests of the owners (shareholders). Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Pearson Education, Inc.. Market information and security prices and information asymmetry Security prices change as information is provided to all investors. In contrast in information Asymmetry one party may benefit from having more sources of information and therefore making better decisions. What is Information Asymmetry. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.investorwords.com/2461/information_asymmetry.html Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Pearson Education, Inc.. Agile and lean principles The lean principle in Finance refers to the production practice that companies use in which they target to minimize waste and use the the least amount of resources to meet the customers’ needs. Organizations that use agile type of processes allow to work on smaller projects to revamp production, maximize collaboration and allow for more flexible schedules. What is Project Management. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.villanovau.com/resources/project-management/what-is-project-management/#.VFKo2vldW So Return on investment It’s a form of investment measurement that shows how efficiently a company is using its resources. This ratio is usually expressed as a percentage. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/return-on-investment-ROI.html Cash flow and a source of value This is the money a company has after it has paid its bills and after it has used the money necessary to operate the business. The value of a company’s investment lies in the amount of cash flow available to spend. The Free Dictionary. (2009). Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cash+flow Project management This refers to the processes that involves all aspects of a project, ensuring that it is done well, on time and within budget. Processes in Project management include initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, controlling, and closing. What is Project Management. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.villanovau.com/resources/project-management/what-is-project-management/#.VFKo2vldW So Outsourcing and offshoring Outsourcing happens when a company contracts the services of a third party to do the work for the purpose to increase efficiency and lower costs. As opposed to offshoring this does not have to happen out of the country. Offshoring happens when a company moves abroad to reduce the costs of running its operations. What is the Difference between Outsourcing and Offshoring. (2003-2014). Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-outsourcing-and-offshoring.htm Inventory turnover Inventory turnover is a form of measurement of how frequently a company sells and replenishes its inventory. The Free Dictionary. (2009). Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ Inventory+Turnover Just-in-time inventory (JIT) JIT inventory system maximizes the profit by just keeping enough inventory as needed and making more frequent orders, saving space and the money associated with keeping up with large inventories. Wise Geek. (2013-2014). Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-just-in-time-inventory.htm Vendor managed inventory (VMI) It is the type of inventory model where the manufacturer is responsible for keeping up with the levels of the company’s inventory. Vendor Managed Inventory. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.vendormanagedinventory.com/definition.php

Dilation Essays - Digital Geometry, Mathematical Morphology

Dilation Essays - Digital Geometry, Mathematical Morphology Dilation Dilation Dilation has been used for millions of years. Even in the ancient times and still we use it until this day. An example of dilation used in ancient times is when ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. The pyramids were built in different sizes, but proportional. Now in this day and time we use dilation in many aspects. Dilation is used in both science and math. In science the microscope shows dilation, without microscopes many of the scientific discoveries wouldn't be possible! In math dilation mainly is used in Geometry to draw figure of different sizes in proportional sizes. In art dilation is used widely for, example architecture, paintings, and statues. In our everyday life we have many examples of dilation like, binoculars, toy cars, little ornaments that represent larger ones in a smaller version. This involves the use of dilations, that is, transformations of the plane that are either contractions or expansions about a point (the center of the dilation), by a constant (positive) ratio. A dilation can either be an expansion (if the ratio is larger than one) or a contraction (if it is smaller than one). Look at the figure below.Construct a point C in the plane, and mark it as the center of dilation. Now draw any polygonal figure, and dilate it about the center C by a fixed ratio (1/2, or 3, or whatever). Drag around this polygon, and observe how the image changes. In particular look at the vertices, their images and the center. Can you see any relation among them? To find the scale factor we have to add one side of both corresponding sides and divide them by the corresponding side of the preimage. For example, side A for the preimage is equal to 5 and side A for the image is equal to 10. Thus, 5+10/5 so the scale factor will equal 3!!!! Preimage Image When I first learned about dilation, I thought that is wasn't important and that there was no use for it at all, but doin this project made my perspective of dilation and Geomety change. Dilation is important. I have learned that dilation isn't used in just Geometry, it is used in science, math, art, and our everyday life. Dilation is used everywhere, without you even realizing it, but hopefully after reading this you have realized that we need dilation.

Psychology - Stress essays

Psychology - Stress essays For my assignment I decided to write about stress. This is a subject, that as a first-year, mature student with a family, I felt was quite applicable. I intend to look at a period in December 2000 rather that reflecting upon the last nine months, although the whole of the nine months has been stressful. I thought long and hard what is stressing me out? The answer was easy; everything is stressing me out. I read several articles about stress, looking at leaflets, module handouts, textbooks and Internet articles. I decided, that to enable me to cope with my stress, I had to look at the taxonomy of stress. Firstly, what is stress? Stress can mean many things to different people. Some may define stress in terms of pressure, tension, unpleasant external forces or emotional response. Lazarus and Launier (1978) defined stress as a transaction between people and the environment. Within this definition, stress involves an interaction between the stressor and distress. Stressor can be defined as the external environment and the response to this stressor is described as distress. Some people appear to be more strongly affected by stressors than other people or may be affected more on one occasion than another. The reason for this appears to lie in mediating factors, factors that influence the transaction between people and their environments. Stress is therefore not a specific event, it is a process in which the intensity of stress responses depends on how stressors are mediated by factors such as the way people think about them and the skills and resources they have to cope with them. Through quite extensive reading, I identified with a particular stress model Cannons fight of flight model (1932). This model was developed by Cannon in 1932, which suggested that external threats elicited the fight or flight responses. Within Cannons model, stress was defined as a response to external stressors...

Workplace Tension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Workplace Tension - Essay Example The tension exists apparently due to differences between co-workers, and the counsellor directs his or her efforts towards the discovery and removal of this source of tension. When tension exists between co-workers, their attention shifts from the main job they are performing to the source of their stress – the other co-worker. Workplace tension among co-workers develops into workplace conflict if the sources of the tension are not discovered and eliminated at the soonest possible time. The co-workers involved tend to be occupied by their personal conflicts and therefore become distracted from their jobs. Because they cannot function at their peak, these workers experience reduced productivity, which results in reduced efficiency and therefore higher costs for the organization. This may be seen as a slowdown during operations, or increasing errors committed on the job that lead to lower quality and additional rework costs. Although workplace tension is a personal thing, it is therefore in the company’s better interest that such tension be avoided, usually through proactive counselling. There are many theories the counsellor may be guided by. The theory I believe could best help the counsellor in eliminating workplace tension is the Motivational Systems Theory (MST), formulated by Martin Ford in 1992. The MST tries to present in an organized manner a clear image of the different motivation theories. It recognizes the interaction of the individual and his environment, on his way to his career-related goals, and how important a person’s motivation is to the way he functions (Patton & McMahon, 1998:140). In applying MST, the counsellor must try to understand the individual worker’s motivation, and the different factors affecting his motivation such as biological, environmental, skills, knowledge, and circumstances, as well as factors relating to hic job. While many of these factors are personal to the individual worker and do not

Inside Obama's Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Inside Obama's Presidency - Essay Example The second challenge was the huge bonuses awarded as compensation to the banks; .the public was angry. When Obama met with the top banks C.E.O’s, most people expected that he would take on a hard approach against them, but this was not the case to the dismay of many. The banks seemed to have gotten it all on silver Plata. Another challenge was the reforms on the health care. Again he tried to take a bipartisan approach, but there came the problem; dealing with the congress that often slows down processes. The republicans were on his case: they did not vote for the motion. When faced with the issue of terrorism and handling Osama Bin Laden, he had to make the verdict to send U.S troops to Iraq. Leon Panetta, the CIA director, had information that Osama lived in a compound in Pakistan. The American troops went for the raid, and that reported that Osama had been killed. Another obstacle came which Obama had not foreseen. During the mid-term elections, his party lost to the republicans. Most of his supporters had been ousted, and he now had to take another approach to get things done. To take care of the debt crisis, he met John Boehner, who let him down when he needed him the most. To Obama it seemed that he had total confidence in his governance. He was so sure that his bipartisan approach would work. But if we would gauge his performance on this, I’d say that he was not successful. In all instances, he had to look for a second option. For example, looking at the stimulus bill, it passed without the votes from the republicans. Clearly, his promise to offer bipartisan solutions did not see the light of day. This was not because he was not willing to do so, but because the republicans were not ready to cooperate. From the first term’s performance, Obama tried too much to change how things worked: he had too many expectations that there wouldn’t be politics. He ought to have taken it as it is. In politics, everybody tries to be better

Humanities modern era Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humanities modern era - Term Paper Example as survived through all the ages in the history, yet it has become omnipresent in the present age because of the people’s ease of access to the tools that can be used for violence. This has had immense impact on the moral status of the individuals in the society. Gradually, people have become immune to activities they considered violent in the past like killing and raping. Violence seems to scar the era and to leave its mark on the humanities. Civil disorder has broken out in many countries in the Arabia in the recent years. People have started to revolt against their own leaders. Many a leaders have been killed including Saddam Hussain and Muammar Gaddafi by the people in an attempt to free the lands from the hold of dictators and alter the political and socioeconomic conditions of the countries for the better, but the consequences have been all but favorable even for the mutineers themselves. Millions of people in Iraq and Afghanistan have been killed by the American soldiers since the 9/11 incident. The population of the American soldiers that has been killed by the people in return is also not very insignificant. The popular culture as an essential element of the modern era has also played a cardinal role in the spread of violence. TV, computer and Internet are all technological milestones of the modern era. They have been frequently employed for the spread of violence in the society through sexually explicit videos and violent video games. Young generation has been targeted to develop the violent skills. The violent programs projected in the media are the most convenient and cost effective sources of in-house virtual education and training. Violence has spread to such a level that it has challenged people’s religious beliefs. The war on terror has been commenced solely for the purpose of achieving the very modernity, and has had many potentially negative implications for the Muslims all over the world. â€Å"Political Islam is now portrayed as a critique

The Effect of Poor Lightning Condition on Spelling Performance in 3rd Year Psychology Students Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Poor Lightning Condition on Spelling Performance in 3rd Year Psychology Students Essay The study was conducted to assess the disruption of cognitive performance such as spelling proficiency in a classroom with poor lighting condition. The participants were 31 students, who participated for course credit. It was hypothesized that participants undergoing the spelling test with poor lighting would report low results. The result of the mean is 4. 87 while the standard deviation resulted to 1. 91. We conclude that the results indicated that cognitive process such as vocabulary usage is greatly affected by poor lighting condition and is an affective instrument for determining how the subjects will respond to the given situation. The Effect of Poor Lightning Condition on Spelling Performance In 3rd year Psychology Students Vision is the ability of the brain and eye to detect electromagnetic waves within the visible range of light that makes them interpret this image as sight. Humans are a diurnal species (active in daytime) usually exposed to light while engaged in cognitive tasks. Light not only guides performance on these tasks through vision but also exerts non-visual effects that are mediated (Vandewalle, Maquet Dijk, 2009). People also can easily determine which changes in darkness and lightness are due to the physical properties f objects and the changes in illumination (Goldstein, 2008). The same research conducted by Vandewalle et al. (2009) also demonstrated that recent advancement studies ion vision which demonstrates that the wavelength, duration and intensity of light exposure adjust brain responses to (non-visual) cognitive tasks and adapts to different conditions. A similar study entitled â€Å"daylighting impacts on human performance in school† was conducted by Heschong, Wright Okura (2002) which aims to demonstrate a clear relationship between the presence of daylight and human performance. In humans, light enhances both alertness and performance during nighttime and daytime and influences regional brain function (Vandewalle Balteau, 2006). The results of these researches suggest that the adjustment of cognitive process and performance can vary to those people who are experiencing it with different and changing lighting condition as to support the claims of Makihara, Takizawa, Shirai Shimada (2007). Much of the studies conducted came with the conclusion that the more there is light, cognitive performance is absolute. In contrast, Landsberger (1955) found out in a study conducted by Hawthorne works that the workers’ productivity seemed to improve when changes were made and slumped when the study was concluded. Landsberger (1955) suggested that the productivity gain was due to the motivational effect of the interest being shown in them. However, it does not permit conclusions to be drawn about whether the lighting condition caused reductions in performance or was just a consequence of motivational effect in them (Simonson Brozek, 1948). In terms of effectiveness of lighting condition in increasing or reducing the performance of the subjects, the low lighting in the workplace may suggest that some of the subjects were just motivated in improving their performance to compete or may have been another case of demoralization. These drawn conclusions may suggest that this study is not that highly validated, thus, making it not that reliable also. The present study was an attempt to assess the disruption of cognitive performance, such as spelling proficiency in a classroom setting with no lighting. And the relationship of lighting and visual performance (Rea, 1992). Based on past experimental research on light as a modulator of cognitive brain function by Vandewalle et al. (2009) and related research on the effects of light exposure to brain responses (H. M. Parsons, 1974), it was expected that participants will end up with low scores in the spelling test due to low level of lighting. Method Participants Participants were 15 male and 16 female undergraduate students who attended San Beda College in Manila. The examiner used total enumeration in determining the participants. Total enumeration is selecting all members of the population without randomization. Apparatus The setting of the experiment was in classroom. It is of average size and the lighting is good. The room is also well ventilated. Then the participants were being ready for a spelling quiz. Instrument Participants were instructed to spell out the words given by the test instructor. The highest possible score on the test was 10. Design This experiment was a one-shot case design that is a type of pre-experimental design where a single group of test units is exposed to an experimental treatment and a single measurement is taken afterwards (Babylon, 2009) wherein the participants spelled in poor lighting and then the results was taken afterwards. Procedure The experimenter told the participants to prepare a paper for a spelling test. Then they proceeded with the experiment which is to spell words with the lights turned off. After the spelling quiz was done, the experimenter then opened the lights and then the results of the tests were checked. Results  The effect of poor lighting condition on spelling performance was assessed by finding the mean and standard deviation of the statistical data. The mean resulted to 4. 87 while having a standard deviation of 1. 91. Discussion The result of this study demonstrated that lighting condition greatly affects the cognitive performance of the students. As expected, majority of the participants garnered low scores during the unlighted spelling tests. Past research suggests that lighting conditions affects cognitive processes that tend to focus on how people would respond to that kind of situation (Vandewalle Balteau, 2006). The results of the present study support it because it demonstrates the validation of the past research and thus making it also reliable. In contrast to the study conducted by Landsberger (1955), which implies that the performance varies to the individual regardless of lighting condition, the results of the present study refute this idea. The results basically tell us that having the spelling test on unlighted condition will cause a poor cognitive performance. Although the hypothesis in this study was supported, the study has a limitation. No controls were taken to ensure that lighting condition experiment could occur into two experimental conditions. It is only a one-shot case study making it less dependable in stating whether a change in the outcome or dependent variable has taken place. In conclusion, the findings of this study are consistent with the claim of researchers such as (Vandewalle, Maquet Dijk, 2009) that light not only guides performance on these tasks through vision but also exerts non-visual effects that affects the human cognition. Light really enhances both alertness and performance during nighttime and daytime as the claims of the study of Heschong et al. (2002) states that daylighting impacts human performance in school. Lighting condition plays a large role in cognition not just only by giving us vision or sight as to go on with perception but also the scientific discovery that light exposure dynamically enhances brain responses.

Smart Transport System Based Upon Autonomous Road Vehicles

Smart Transport System Based Upon Autonomous Road Vehicles INTRODUCTION People have a high reliance on car for their daily travel to work, shopping, tour and many other places [1]. More than 50% of worlds population lives in cities and more vehicles are on the road causing congestion problems and accidents. Therefore, there is a need for more safe and efficient means of transportation. The new technologies are replacing decade old transportation frameworks and operators with computerization and automation. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is an innovative method that utilizes sensors movements, artificial intelligence, and human management together which will help the autonomous vehicle to drive without human intervention [2]. Autonomous vehicles will be seen soon on our roads communicating with nearby vehicles and warn each other by understanding the conditions ahead. Many cars, for example, the Tesla Model S and the Volvo XC90 has already started including propelled self-driving capacities, and this is expected to increase in coming years [3]. In this paper two use case scenarios of autonomous vehicles are discussed. The first use case discusses about an autonomous vehicle valet parking. Parking a vehicle is considered as one of the difficult task in driving. This includes finding the parking slot and park without collision. The proposed system will allow the driver to leave the vehicle when he/she reaches the destination and the vehicle will park itself in a parking slot. The second use case discusses an autonomous vehicle that can drive without human intervention in an unknown environment. The use cases included are obstacle avoidance, backward moving and overtaking. 2.USE CASE SCENARIOS 2.1 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE VALET PARKING The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly causing congestion problems and pollutions. One of the main reasons for this is lack of car parking and time consumed to find the parking slots. This paper discusses the driving and parking of an autonomous vehicle to a car parking slot without human intervention. An autonomous valet parking will allow the driver to leave the vehicle when he/she reaches the destination and will park the vehicle in a parking slot. The sensors will sense obstacles in its way and will steer around them to avoid collision. It will also notify the driver after parking and locking the door automatically through an app. The proposed system will help the driver who is in a hurry to attend a meeting or watch movie, who doesnt want his/her time to waste checking for parking area and to drive and park there. There are three systems in the vehicle for the autonomous vehicle valet parking [6]. (i) Server System The server system will generate the different driving path to the nearest parking slot and will provide it to the driver through the mobile application. The driver can select the preferred path and vehicle will drive through that path. (ii) Mobile System The driver will be able to monitor the vehicle and check whether it is finding any difficulty to reach the parking slot. The vehicle will also notify the driver once when it has reached the parking slot. (iii) Vehicle Control System The control system will generate the control signals such as steering control, gear change, brakes and speed control required for the movement of the vehicle through the provided path. It should also generate control signals to help the car park in the provided slot. Figure 1: Autonomous vehicle parking system 2.1.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND ALGORITHM 2.1.1.a. PARKING SLOT SELECTION Once the driver has reached the destination the driver should request for the nearest parking and reserve the parking slot. The algorithm for this is shown in figure 1.1 [6]. Step 1: Driver request for the parking guidance. The parking slot availability in the parking garage should be updated every time in the data base. The parking slot can detect whether it is occupied with vehicle or not by using an IR sensor in the parking slot. The IR sensors will be connected to micro-controllers. The microcontrollers will communicate to the central server system using ESP8266 which contains the data base of the parking slot availability. ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip which will give micro-controller access to communicate with the Wi-Fi network. Along with the number of free parking lots, parking cost in different parking garage will also be stored in the database. The parking guidance is requested by the driver using the navigation system which will be embedded with sim cards inside the vehicle. BMW already have sim card embedded cars [8]. There will be GPS module inside the navigation system which will give the current location of the car. This location of the vehicle, will help to find the nearest parking fa cilities near it. The distance and time to reach each parking garage are calculated by the already programmed navigation device. It will also provide the parking fare for each parking garage. The driver can then select the appropriate parking slot based on his convenience. Step 2: Reserve the parking slot Once the parking slot has been selected by the driver, it should be reserved otherwise there are chances for the parking slot to be occupied by some other car before the vehicle reaches the selected slot. The central server system should be updated once the driver has reserved parking slot. The reservation should be done using the number plate of the vehicle. Sometimes, there might be more than one reservation request for the same parking slot at the same. So, there are chances to get the reservation declined for other customers. In that case the driver can select another parking slot. The vehicle can also go to the parking slot without reservation as well. But there will be a risk of the parking slot to be occupied before the vehicle arrives the parking slot. Step 3: Start the navigation to the parking slot. Once the parking slot has been selected by the driver, he/she can leave the car and the car will navigate to the selected parking slot. Figure 1.1. Algorithm for parking slot selection 2.1.1.b. PARKING PATH FOLLOWING Once the parking slot has been selected the next step is to guide the vehicle to the parking slot. In this paper [6], a graph data structure is used, which will generate driving path using 4D kinematics (i, j, ÃŽÂ ¸, R). The i and j represents the centre co-ordinates of the vehicle and ÃŽÂ ¸ is the heading angle value of the vehicle. To avoid the obstacles while following the path to the parking slot laser scanner sensors (LMS15) are used. These sensors can see the obstacles within 40 m distance and an angular range of 0-1900. The sensors are fitted on both sides in the front and rear side of the vehicle. The obstacle avoidance path is generated by the server system. The figure 1.3. [6] shows the obstacle detecting and avoiding path. Figure 1.3. Obstacle detecting and avoiding path [6] The path generated by the server system consists of location of the vehicle and its heading angle value (ÃŽÂ ¸). The vehicle control system will generate signals to control the steering of the vehicle depending on the heading angle value and location of the vehicle. The steering angle should be calculated for this. The formula for steering angle is shown below [6]. ÃŽÂ ¸s = ÃŽÂ ¸3 ÃŽÂ ¸2  ­- ÃŽÂ ¸1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 ÃŽÂ ¸s = Steering angleÃŽÂ ¸3 = lateral error angle of vehicle location  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÃŽÂ ¸2 = look-ahead way point heading angle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÃŽÂ ¸1 = vehicle heading angle Figure 1.4. [6] shows the driving path followed by the vehicle and the location of the vehicle. Figure 1.4. Driving path followed by the vehicle [6] The speed will also be controlled by the control system. The speed will be reduced to 8 km/hr once the car has entered the parking garage. The car will be notified when it reaches the parking garage by the GPS module installed in the navigation system. The laser scanner sensors can detect the moving obstacles as well. When the vehicle has detected the moving object (e.g. pedestrian) it will stop and wait until it has crossed the road. 2.1.1.c. PARKING AT THE SELECTED PARKING SLOT The next step after reaching the parking slot is the parking at the selected slot. The vehicle control systems consist of two levels [7]. 1. Low level control Low level control is the control of motion which includes steering wheels control, speed control and moving in a proposed distance. 2. High level control High level control is computer vision based control. A trajectory path is formed showing the vehicle direction to park it in the selected slot. To describe the car parking, bi-cycle model is used [7]. This model is commonly used to describe four wheeled vehicles. Rear drive wheel of this model cannot be rotated. To control the vehicle movement the front wheel will be rotated about the vertical axis following the trajectory path. It is assumed that the vehicle is moving on a horizontal and flat surface. Figure 1.5. Bi-cycle model of four wheeled vehicles The figure 1.5. shows the bi-cycle model of four wheeled vehicles [7]. The co ordinate system is represented as V, where x and y represent the co-ordinate points in that system. L= distance between the front and rear wheels ÃŽÂ ³ = steering angle ÃŽÂ ¸ = angle between xv and x v = velocity of the vehicle ICR instantaneous centre of rotation of the vehicle Parking of the car can be done in two ways. [7] 1.Parallel parking method. 2.Perpendicular parking method. Parallel parking method A precise path should be generated to minimize the parking area. The vehicle should move along two arcs created by the high level control without straight-line section between them. A maximum rotational angle of the steering wheels is required to achieve this. The figure 1.6. shows the parallel parking method [7]. Figure 1.6. Parallel parking method [7] The circle radius is calculated using the steering angle (ÃŽÂ ³). Circle radius (R1) = L2tgÃŽÂ ³ Ls1 and Ls2 are the safety boundaries, so the vehicle will not hit the front and back corner of the vehicle while parking. L1, L2, L3 and L4 are the boundary dimensions. The trajectory parking length (S)can be calculated to park the vehicle in the parking slot without colliding on the obstacles. The formula to obtain the trajectory parking length is given below. S = Ls1 + L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + Ls2 Perpendicular parking method Perpendicular parking method is almost like the parallel parking method. This method reduces the parking area required for parking. The figure 1.7. shows the perpendicular parking method. Figure 1.7. Perpendicular parking method [7] The centre axel wheel should steer along the arc with the radius (R2) value given below to park in a safe condition. R2 = When vehicle reaches point A,for successful completion of parking, the steering wheels should be controlled by the steering. The gear should be in reverse gear and continue until the safe region. There are safety zones LS as in the parallel parking method. The trajectory parking length (S)can be calculated to park the vehicle in the parking slot without colliding on the obstacles. The formula to obtain the trajectory parking length is given below. S = R1 + L2 + LS + 2.1.1.d. NOTIFYING THE DRIVER AFTER PARKING After the car, has been parked in the parking slot, the driver should be notified that the car is safely parked. The sim card embedded in the system will help to notify the driver through SMS or mobile app that it has arrived the parking slot safely. This will help the driver to track the vehicle and ensure that it has reached the parking slot safely. 2.1.2 CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUES IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM Challenges (i) One of the main challenges in the proposed system is that the driver can only access the parking garages which has been saved in the central server system. (ii) In the proposed system, the vehicle will not come to pick the driver. He/she should go to the parking slot to find the car. This can be included in the future development. Design Issues (i) Sometimes GPS might fail to work in that case the autonomous car might fail to find its direction. (ii) Infrared sensors are expensive and sometimes fail to work due to temperature change. 2.1.3. VEHICLES THAT HAS BEEN USING AUTOMATED VEHICLE VALET PARKING Using digital mapping technology, BMW i3 is about to launch their new car [9] that can park in multi-storey parking garages. This fully autonomous vehicle will drive until it detects a free parking space. Their new Remote Valet Parking Assistant will parks the i3 without any driver assistance. The new car can also detect the moving obstacles and falsely parked car using its LiDAR sensors and drive accordingly without colliding with the obstacles. The car will not notify the driver it has reached the parking slot is one of the drawback in their features. 2.2 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NAVIGATION IN UNKNOWN ENVIRONMENT. A fully automatic vehicle should be able to drive by itself and for that it should sense, control, observe and react to its environment. This paper describes an autonomous vehicle that can drive without human intervention in an unknown environment. The use cases included are obstacle avoidance, backward moving and overtaking. The car will reach its destination by avoiding obstacles and following the path lane. A fuzzy logic control technology is used in this paper which will receive the required information from the sensors which will sense the obstacles in its way and the environmental changes. A GPS module is also used to track the position of the vehicle. The system will also control the speed, brake and steering effectively. 2.2.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND ALGORITHM The proposed system is divided into two units [5] Fuzzy logic control unit Computer vision unit. The block diagram of the proposed unit is shown in the figure 2.1. [5]. Figure 2.1. Block diagram of the proposed system [5] 2.2.1.a. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL UNIT Autonomous cars are very complex to design. In this system, fuzzy logic is used to generate logical control signals from the input analog signals. Fuzzy logic is widely used in artificial intelligence. There are many alternative approaches such as genetic algorithm and neural network, but fuzzy logic has the merit that, it can be easily understood by the human operators. The block diagram of the fuzzy logic control unit is shown in figure 2.2. Figure 2.2. Fuzzy Logic Control Unit [4] The proposed system consists of two ultrasonic sensors for recognising the obstacles and measuring the distance between the obstacle and vehicle. Ultrasonic sensors produce ultrasonic waves, which will not produce any sound pollution/environmental pollution. Its also inexpensive. A H-Bridge is used to control the steering motor and the back motor. Webcam is used to see and follow the road lane path. The steering angle is measured and controlled by a potentiometer. The GPS receiver senses the position of the vehicle and is given to the microcontroller. This will help the micro-controller to know whether the vehicle has reached its destination or not. The steering and speed commands are combined and based on this the vehicle will move through the lane. The speed of the vehicle is the most important part while driving. The speed of the vehicle depends on many external factors such as environmental condition, road condition and car condition. For a normal autonomous car, it should have an auto-braking system, auto-speed control system and auto-steering system. These systems depend on different factors like environmental condition, car condition, road condition and so on. The fuzzy logic control unit will control the speed, brake, and steering based on these factors. The figure 2.3. [4] below shows the fuzzy logic controller controlling the systems based on the environmental condition and car condition. Figure 2.3. Fuzzy Logic Controller [4] Auto-braking System The auto-braking system is provided in autonomous car to avoid collision. The ultrasonic sensors will sense the distance between the obstacle and the car and if it is not in a safe distance the car will either stop or reduce the speed. The normal speed limit is set as 0 60 km/hr and the minimum distance between the car and the obstacle is maintained at 5 10 m. This is selected as per the traffic safety authorities. Auto- speed System Speed of the car is controlled on various factors such as environmental condition and car condition. Environmental condition and car condition will be between the range shown below and the car should choose the speed accordingly. Environmental Conditions: Rains falling: (0 200) mm. Winds Speed: (0 150) km/h. Rain sensors are used to sense the rain. The sensors can tell when it is raining depending on the rain drops falling on the wind shield depending on the light reflected. If there are more rain drops on the wind shield less light will be reflected to the rain sensor. Car Condition: Weight (including passengers): (1600 1900) kg. Engine Heat: (-25 65) à ; c. A weight sensor can be used in the seats so that it will sense how many passengers are there in the seat and the vehicle can control the speed. All these factors are given a rating between 0 and 10 [4]. If the conditions are bad, the rating will be between 0-3 and if the conditions are good, then the rating will be between 7-10. The micro-controller will be pre-programmed in such a way that it will be indicated when its raining, or when the air content in the tire is less and the speed of the car will be controlled according to that. Auto-Steering control The steering control is the main part of the autonomous car. The steering is controlled in such a way that; it will follow the trajectory or path to the destination generated by the computer vision unit. Obstacle Avoidance The main feature that should be incorporated in an autonomous vehicle is obstacle avoidance to avoid collision. There are two type of obstacles static and moving obstacles. The obstacles are sensed by the ultrasonic sensors which are connected at the right and left side of the vehicle at an angle of +45o and -45o. The distance is measured using fuzzification. The fuzzy sets used are adjacent, medium and far. The range is set between 25 m and 85 m and is determined by the sensor and the dimension of vehicle [4]. Any measured value by the sensor that is below 25 m is set as minimum value and any measured value exceeding 85 m is set as maximum value. To determine in which fuzzy set (near, medium or far) the measured sensor value belong to is determined using triangular membership function. The equation for that is given below [4]. The speed control and steering control signals are got as an output from the controller which are then given to the steering motor and back motor. The steering is controlled by the steering motor. The steering will be turned according to the steering control signals. The steering angle is controlled by the potentiometer. The digitized value of steering angle decision is shown below. Large Left 120 Small Left 145 Straight 170 Small Right 195 Large Right 220 Figure 2.4. [4] shows the graphical representation of the steering angle decision. Figure 2.4. Graphical representation of the steering angle decision [4] Similarly, the speed is controlled by the back motor and three commands are used for this Slow, Medium and Fast. The values for this is shown below and is decided by the back motors duty cycle values for pulse width modulated signal. Slow 20 Medium 50 Fast 80 Figure 2.5. [4] shows the graphical representation of speed control decision Figure 2.5. Graphical representation of speed control decision[4] Destination Arrived A GPS receiver is attached to the controller to know whether the autonomous car has arrived its destination. The destination will be already decided and entered by the user to the micro controller by using a mobile app. The car and the user can communicate to each other using the 4G network. A SIM card will be already embedded inside the car. Once the car has arrived the destination the car will notify the user. 2.2.1.b COMPUTER VISION UNIT Computer vision unit does the decision-making process in the system. In this paper, overtaking and backward process are discussed. Computer vision unit extracts information from the images taken from multiple cameras and makes decision when to overtake other vehicles and when to reverse the car. Backward direction The figure 2.6. [5] shows the algorithm for backward process of the vehicle. Figure 2.6. Algorithm for backward process [5] Step 1: Decide whether the car should take backward direction or not. Step 2: If yes, the car should select the speed of the vehicle to move in backward direction. If not, then the car continues to move in forward direction. Step 3: After selecting the speed of the backward movement, the next step is to select the direction of the backward movement. If the car wants to move left, then steering should be turned to right and if the car wants to move right then the steering should be turned left. If the wants to move backward in a straight direction then the steering should be kept straight i.e., no change for the steering. Step 4: After the step 3 the car will check the backward process has been completed and the process comes to an end. Overtaking Overtaking is a difficult process normally done by human drivers. To overtake another car the vehicle should maintain a certain speed limit and distance between the two cars should be in a safe distance so that it will not collide. The algorithm for a safe overtaking is given in the figure 2.7. [5]. Figure 2.7. Algorithm for overtaking [5] Step 1: The autonomous car will decide whether to overtake the other car in front of it which will be moving slower than it. If yes, then it should select the overtaking speed. If not, then the car should continue the previous speed. Step 2: The autonomous car should change to the left lane after deciding the speed to overtake. It should check through the rear camera that no other vehicles are trying to overtake it in the left lane, otherwise the two cars will collide with each other. Step 3: After changing to the left lane the autonomous car should continue to move in straight direction. It should check whether it has overtaken the slow vehicle. If yes, then it should change to the right lane maintaining a safe distance. If not, it should continue to move in straight direction and keep on monitoring whether it has overtaken the slow vehicle. Step 4: After the change of lane the autonomous car should check whether it has completed the lane changing. If yes, then the process comes to an end. 2.2.2 CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUES IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM Challenges (i) In the proposed system, only the algorithm for overtaking and backward movement has discussed. Artificial intelligence algorithm has not been discussed. (ii) In the proposed system, there is detection of traffic signals which can be incorporated in the future development Design Issues (i) Sometimes GPS might fail to work in that case the autonomous car might fail to find its direction. (ii) Ultrasonic sensors can produce some errors when sensing objects which might result in collision. 2.2.3 AUTONOMOUS CARS ALREADY IN MARKET Fully autonomous car will be on our road by 2021. Many car companies like tesla, google, BMW has already started developing such cars. Googles self-driving car has completed 1,500,000 miles in full automated mode on mar 2016 [10]. This car has no steering and brake pedal. It has laser and radar sensors to sense the obstacles and also have a back-up steering, braking, and computing system if any of these fails. 3. CONCLUSION To conclude, we will be able to see self-driving cars on our roads soon, addressing all the road problems like congestions, parking problem, accidents and so on. In this paper two use cases have been discussed. In the first use case, a server system, mobile system and vehicle control system are used for autonomous vehicle valet parking. The proposed system will drop the diver/user at his/her destination and will park the vehicle in the parking slot selected by the user. The future development of the system can be made by making the car to go and pick the user from the parking slot, when he/she is ready to leave. The second use case describes an autonomous vehicle that can drive without human intervention in an unknown environment using fuzzy logic. The use cases included were obstacle avoidance, backward moving and overtaking. The block diagram and algorithm of the proposed system are described in the paper. REFFERENCES [1] C. F. Lin, J. C. Juang and K. R. Li, Active collision avoidance system for steering control of autonomous vehicles, in IET Intelligent Transport Systems, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 550-557, Sept. 2014. [2] Mohammad Abdul Qayum, Nafiul Alam Siddique, Mohammad Abtiqul Haque and A. S. M. Tayeen, Control of autonomous cars for intelligent transportation system, 2012 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics Vision (ICIEV), Dhaka, 2012, pp. 377-382. [3] B. Brown, The Social Life of Autonomous Cars, in Computer, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 92-96, Feb. 2017. [4] U. Farooq, K. M. Hasan, M. Amar and M. U. Asad, Design and implementation of fuzzy logic based autonomous car for navigation in unknown environments, 2013 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), Dhaka, 2013, pp. 1-7. [5] A. H. A. Widaa and W. A. Talha, Design of Fuzzy-based autonomous car control system, 2017 International Conference on Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engineering (ICCCCEE), Khartoum, Sudan, 2017, pp. 1-7. [6] K. W. Min and J. D. Choi, Design and implementation of an intelligent vehicle system for autonomous valet parking service, 2015 10th Asian Control Conference (ASCC), Kota Kinabalu, 2015, pp. 1-6. [7] D. M. Filatov, E. V. Serykh, M. M. Kopichev and A. V. Weinmeister, Autonomous parking control system of four-wheeled vehicle, 2016 IEEE V Forum Strategic Partnership of Universities and Enterprises of Hi-Tech Branches (Science. Education. Innovations), St. Petersburg, 2016, pp. 102-107. [8] The Economist (2014). The connected car smartphones on wheels Available: http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21615060-way-cars-are-made-bought-and-driven-changing-mobile-communications [Accessed 27/02/2017] [9] Autocar (2014). BMW reveals new self-parking autonomous technology. Available:http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/bmw-reveals-new-self-parking-autonomous-technology. [Accessed 01/03/2017] [10] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2017). Autonomous car Available:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car [Accessed 04/03/2017]